Figure 5.05: Crime lower legal aid workload by sex and legal aid category, 2019. TV licence evasion made up 30% of all female convictions, compared to 4% of male convictions. All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Statistics. This chapter explores outcomes for defendants in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) predominantly drawing on data from the Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019 publication. The proportion of females experiencing domestic abuse in 2019/20 was 7.3%, double that of males (3.6%). , The data in this section relates to persons remanded in each completed court case rather than to the number of remand decisions (a person may be remanded several times during a case). Compared to males, a higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. Report and data for December 2017 published. In the year ending March 2020 (referred to as 2019/20 throughout), the proportion of adults who were victim of a CSEW crime (excluding fraud and computer misuse) was 13.3%, down from 14.9% the year before, with no significant difference between men and women. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English & Maths. The number of arrests has remained stable over the last 3 years following a previously downward trend. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 96] and 2014/15[footnote 97] (93% for young females and 90% for young males). , Self-declared from HR records, for serving magistrates, as at 1 April 2020. Among young females who were dealt with by a community penalty, 90% had a record of persistent absence, compared to 82% of young males; a 9 percentage point difference. , 2% of adults identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. In accordance with Principle 2 of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, the Ministry of Justice is required to publish transparent guidance on its policy for revisions. In the same period, 16% of court reports prepared were for females, a proportion which has remained consistent in the last five years. For each age range from 21 and over, males consistently had a larger number of prosecutions (approximately three times more). Figure 7.08: Adult reoffending rate by age group and sex, April 2017 to March 2018 offender cohort, England and Wales. Please refer to the accompanying technical guide for further details. A higher proportion of female defendants were not remanded by police, which may be due in part to the different types of offences for which females and males are prosecuted and hence the risk they are perceived as representing. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a smaller proportion of young males (80%) had a record of persistent absence compared to young females (85%). Of those sentenced, a consistently higher proportion of female offenders were fined and had a lower average fine than male offenders over the last 5 years. You have accepted additional cookies. The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of what child custody evaluators and (Michon, 2021) . The largest percentage difference is for drug offences which have a median offence to completion that is 47% higher (49 days) for females in comparison to males. Crime lower covers work carried out by legal aid providers regarding police station advice, magistrates court work and prison law. 4% of crime higher legal aid clients had an unstated sex. In 2019, the proportion of children prosecuted for indictable offences that were females was 10%. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. For both young males and young females that received a sentence/caution in the matched offender cohort, over half (57% of males and 61% of females) received Free School Meals (FSM). As with adults, the most common offence group was violence against the person, for which 37% of female young people were being dealt with when referred to liaison and diversion services compared to 19% of male young people. As with PNDs, a larger proportion of female offenders were cautioned for theft offences (19% compared to 10% for males) whereas a larger proportion of male offenders were cautioned for drug offences (27% compared to 13% for females). , This section looks at persons only and excludes those where sex is not stated. like child support and child custody, contested. This varies by offence type, females accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions for summary offences (29%) than indictable offences (14%). Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. Figure 5.12: Proportion of offenders sentenced to immediate custody, by custodial sentence length and sex, 2019[footnote 58]. , This section looks at persons only and excludes those where sex is not stated. In this section any analysis is conducted where the gender of the offender is known. The indictable offences with the highest proportion of females among those convicted in 2019 were: Cruelty to or neglect of children females made up 60% of the 427 convictions in 2019, the same proportion as in 2015. The proportion of convicted offenders who were female was 27% in 2019 and has remained stable over the last 5 years. This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of females who come into contact with it. Most of this decrease is accounted for by a reduction in the number of females prosecuted for theft offences (10,500 fewer in 2019 than in 2015), particularly theft from shops, for which there were 8,200 fewer prosecutions. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure childrens homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs). We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. An oral report is usually completed within 24 hours of conviction where a limited amount of information is required by the sentencing court. Data are also provided on a trend basis dating back to 2000 to 2001 and 2005 to 2006 onwards for more detailed data. The publication also contains more detailed information on the make-up of the custody population by legal basis for detention, accommodation type, age group, gender, ethnicity and region of origin. It draws upon published extracts of human resources records for the police (2019/20), Ministry of Justice (MoJ; 2018/19), Crown Prosecution Service (CPS; 2018/19), Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS; 2019/20), magistracy[footnote 119] and judiciary[footnote 120]. Among young males who were dealt with by a suspended sentence, 82% had a record of fixed period exclusion, compared to 59% of young females; a 24 percentage point difference. In 2019, sentences for female offenders had a higher level of concordance with their pre-sentence report (excluding Other) (66%) than male offenders (59%). In 2019, 50% of PNDs were paid in full, and 35% resulted in a fine for late payment. Youth custody data report for June 2014 published. In homicides with victims under the age of 16, where the principal suspect was identified, 31% of suspects were the parent (males: 21%; females: 42%). In the 2019/20 HM Inspectorate of Prisons survey, females reported significantly more negative results for questions related to problems on arrival at prison. In 2019, the guilty plea rates for indictable-only offences were 57% for males and 61% for females, and for triable-either-way offences they were 74% for males and 67% for females. The CSEW 2018/19 provides the most recent breakdown of personal crime by offence (Figure 3.01)[footnote 10] . , Individuals self-harming rates are derived by 1,000 x (number of individual in year)/(average monthly population for year). There were some differences between the gender groups at this attainment level across all disposals. Therefore, to ensure comparability across year, these forces have been excluded from the calculations for the year on year change. We invited our Salt Lake City child custody attorney from the Emy A Cordano, Attorney At Law to . In general, the higher the proportion of students who received FSM, the higher the severity of the disposal category. The custody rate for this offence was 19% for females in 2019, compared with 26% for males. The custody rate for this offence was lower for female offenders (19%) than for males (26%). This difference is likely to be linked to the greater seriousness of offences typically dealt with at the Crown Court. , Where ethnicity was known. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. A decrease in prosecutions was also seen for Class B drug offences (1,000 fewer), benefit fraud (1,500 fewer) and absconding from bail (1,200 fewer). This report is also accompanied by an infographic summarising key findings. The relative proportion of male and female victims has remained consistent over the last five years[footnote 20]. Where a source is not National Statistics, users should consider this when making judgements about the weight that can be put on related findings. As discussed in Chapter 5: Defendants, in 2019, 26% of individuals[footnote 113] prosecuted in England and Wales were female[footnote 114]. The most common offence group[footnote 29] for those engaged with liaison and diversion services was violence against the person, for which a larger proportion of females were being dealt with compared to males (29% compared to 22%). Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of female offenders were prosecuted for summary offences, which may account for this difference. As per the reports presented by the Custodial Mothers & Fathers and the Child Support (2015), the statistics presented by the United States Census Bureau indicated that there are around 13.7 million single parents in the United States. The Ministry of Justice aims to avoid the need for revisions to publications unless they are absolutely necessary and put systems and processes in place to minimise the number of revisions. Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of females were given suspended sentences. , Offenders whose sex was unknown were excluded from all analyses in this section, which might lead to very small inconsistencies with other published statistics on offenders. These reports may include a full risk assessment of the offender. Personal crime is defined by the CSEW as comprising of all violence and thefts. Self-harm in prison custody is defined as any act where a prisoner deliberately harms themselves irrespective of the method, intent or severity of any injury. In the last 5 years, females consistently had a higher proportion of prisoners who self-harmed and a higher number of instances of self-harm per 1,000 prisoners[footnote 66]. Defendants with unknown or not stated ethnicity accounted for 28% of all indictable prosecutions in 2019. As at 30 June 2019, 13% of the sentenced male prison population were serving indeterminate sentences compared to 11% of the female population. The report includes demographic and income data about custodial parents, and details child support income for custodial parents living below the poverty level. In contrast to what is seen for police and magistrates courts remand, females consistently had a higher proportion than males to be bailed at the Crown Court. They have been excluded from all analyses in this chapter. Three-year time series refers to 2016/17 to 2018/19. Here are a few examples, per the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 study: 41.6% of custodial mothers are 40 years old or older. As at 30 June 2019, there were 9,100 prisoners held on remand (unsentenced), 6% of the prison population held on remand were female and this proportion was stable over the last 5 years. Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Damon Wingfield, Responsible Statistician and Head of Criminal Justice System Statistics Caution data cannot be split by simple and conditional, and data broken down by sex is not available for cannabis and khat warnings or community resolutions, therefore these will not be included in the totals. Just over a quarter (26%) of all prosecutions were for female defendants in 2019, which has remained stable over the last 5 years. A 2.6 pp increase over the last five years brought female representation among in-post police officers up to 31% in 2019. Youth custody report November 2017 and youth custody data for November 2017 published. In the same year, 51.7% of adults perceived the Criminal Justice System as effective; this did not significantly differ between sexes. In contrast, a higher proportion of male than female first time offenders were cautioned or convicted for drug offences over the last 5 years (13% and 5% respectively in 2019). Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions accounted for 51% of all offenders in 2019, 86% were male, compared to 14% who were female. These proportions have remained constant over the last 5 years. Violent crime was most prevalent in the 16-24 age group (Figure 3.02). Figure 7.05: Proportion of children in the Criminal Justice System, by sex, England and Wales, 2019. In 2019/20, 3.9% of male adults reported being the victim once or more of a CSEW personal crime (excluding fraud and computer misuse; down from 4.5%). The number of PNDs issued has continued to decline over the last 5 years, falling from 47,400 in 2015 by 58% to 19,800 in 2019. , Details can be found in the Technical Guide published alongside this report. The following section discusses child offenders at different stages of the Criminal Justice System. Full details on data limitations and conclusion can be found in the technical guide. Between 2015 and 2019, offenders of unknown sex comprised less than 1% of offenders. This proportion was 5 percentage points lower than the proportion of adult females that were prosecuted for indictable offences, at 15%. Further information on other strands of defendants prosecuted for domestic abuse, rape and child abuse can be found in the CPS Quarterly Data Summaries Quarter 4 2019/20[footnote 6]. , The overall increase in ACSL may be connected to changes in sentencing guidelines see accompanying technical guide for further details. 2019/20 saw a fall in the prevalence of sexual assault in the last year for women aged 16 to 74 (3.7% in 2018/19 to 2.9% in 2019/20). You have rejected additional cookies. 41% of females received a suspended sentence for this offence, compared with 20% of males. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) for England & Wales aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. The overall child conviction ratio for indictable offences remained broadly stable since 2015, at 70%. (Office of National Statistics) 1 in 3 children - nearly 4 million in total - live without their father. Publication Child Support for Custodial Mothers and Fathers: 1997 October 2000 , See the Criminal justice statistics outcomes by offence data tool in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 to obtain all statistics on prosecutions, convictions and sentencing quoted in this chapter. Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. These single parents are raising as many as 22.4 million children. This proportion was slightly less for females (83%), than for males (85%). The strategy sets out the Governments commitment to a new programme of work for female offenders, which will take some years to deliver, driven by our vision to see: The strategy aims to take an evidence-based approach to reducing crime and rehabilitating offenders. Youth custody report for April 2015 published. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the criminal justice system (CJS) by sex. A huge 40% of married American households feature a woman who is a primary breadwinner, but only 3% of American spousal support arrangements are paid to ex-husbands. , Other demographic data, such as age and ethnicity, are available in the Crime in England and Wales Annual Trend and Demographic Tables. In the Crown Court, 90% of crime higher legal aid work related to male clients. The custody rate for this offence was 14% for females and 34% for males in 2019. Until the statistics tell us that more than 4 percent of divorced fathers are seeking custody through the Family Court system, there are few men who have such experience and proof of a true "gender bias." Self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3 instances, compared to 4.4 for males. Of those remanded in custody at Crown Court in 2019, 76% of male offenders were sentenced to immediate custody compared to 60% of females. Figure 7.04: Age distribution of male and female defendants, England and Wales, 2019. Of all ethnic groups, both White female and White male offenders had the highest conviction ratios[footnote 72] for indictable offences at 84% and 85%, respectively, a trend that has remained broadly stable since 2015. , Where sex is known. Therefore, Figure 3.01 refers to the previous year, 2018/19. Estimates for the year 2019 to March 2020 were therefore unaffected by the lockdown restrictions. Data has bee updated and published for May 2013. In 2019, 86% of female offenders were sentenced to a fine with an average fine of 230, compared to 72% of male offenders with an average fine of 302. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a larger proportion of young males (14%) had been permanently excluded compared to young females (10%). For example, prisons are either male or female institutions, with prisoners normally placed based on their legally recognised gender. The given number currently represents about . You can change your cookie settings at any time. This is reflected in the higher proportion of females remanded in custody who were sentenced to immediate custody at magistrates court, 17% in 2019 compared to 13% for males. Over the last 5 years at Crown Court, there was a steady increase in the proportion of both male and female defendants who were not remanded, with a gradual increase of the proportion remanded in custody, offset by a decrease in the proportion of those bailed. To meet these commitments, all of our statistical publications will: Ensure that the need for major revisions for any series are pre-announced on the Ministry of Justice website. Sex can be considered to refer to whether someone is male or female based on their physiology, with gender representing a social construct or sense of self that takes a wider range of forms. In 2019, over half (55%) of the prosecutions for female defendants were for summary non-motoring offences, compared to under a third (29%) of male defendants. in the 14 years to March 2019, the number of young people in youth custody went down in every ethnic group. The matched cohort data also provided information on the proportion of those sentenced/cautioned that have a history of being persistently absent[footnote 110] from school, have a previous record of being permanently excluded[footnote 111] from school, or have received a fixed period exclusion[footnote 112], at any point during KS4. , See the Families and Households 2019 dataset for further information on household types. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. , A SEN statement is a document which sets out a childs SEN and any additional help that the child should receive. For both sexes, the 30 to 39 age range represented the highest number of those prosecuted in 2019. Amongst those receiving cautions, discharges and fines, a greater proportion of young female offenders attained 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to C, including English and Maths, than the young male group. The national divorce rate is 7.6 per 1,000 couples in 2022. In 2019, 43% of all PSRs were written, fast delivery PSRs[footnote 52] (females 39%, males 44%). Drunk and disorderly accounted for the highest proportion of PNDs issued for both males and females in 2019. Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. Youth custody data for December 2015 published. Main facts and figures. , Figures from this paragraph are sourced from the data underpinning the Criminal Court Statistics (annual): January to March 2020 bulletin. Compared to males, a significantly higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. , Source: GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics: 2014 - National and local authority tables: Table 1, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. Of all cautions issued in 2019, 55% were for indictable offences, a proportion which has been increasing over the last 5 years, from 49% in 2015. . The HMIP Annual Report 2019/20 identifies differences in reported prison experiences between male and female prisoners[footnote 65]. Some 18 year olds remain in the secure estate for children and young people if they only have a short period of their sentence to serve, to avoid disrupting their regimes. The indictable offence groups with the highest proportion of females prosecuted were fraud offences (33% female) and theft offences (21% female), while the groups with the highest proportion of males prosecuted were sexual offences (98% male) and possession of weapons (93% male). To avoid inconsistency in the length of their offending histories, for those with an academic year of 2008/09 their offending data has been considered up to 31 August 2016 and for those with an academic year of 2009/10 it has been considered up to 31 August 2017. This proportion has remained very similar over the last 5-year period. For example, 83% of mothers receive custody of their children in divorces. Of the 62,800 offenders released from prison sentences in 2019, 91% were male and 9% female. Male children reported a significantly higher proportion of being a victim of a CSEW crime at 9.0%, compared to 4.0% of females[footnote 7][footnote 8]. Males were significantly more likely to fall victim to violence and robbery compared to females, with a significant increase in male robbery victims since 2017/18. Violent crime was reported by a higher proportion of males (2.1%) than females (1.4%) in 2018/19. Police station advice and magistrates court representation constitute the majority of the total crime lower work load (97%). Female homicide victims were most often between 25-34 years old (17%). These include: National liaison and diversion services data from NHS England, Survey data from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons Annual Report, (New) Understanding Educational Background of Offenders (MoJ/ DfE data share). This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. , In this chapter, children refers to those aged 10 to 15 unless stated otherwise. Youth custody report for February 2017 published. These figures are calculated differently from those used for the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 bulletin, which is used as the basis for the section on plea at the Crown Court and the remainder of the Crown Court committal section they are not directly comparable to these sections. For more detailed analysis on out of court disposals, see Chapter 4: Police Activity. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) Equalities report was also released on the same day as this report. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. (US Census Bureau, Statista) In 2019, the highest level of concordance (excluding suspended sentence orders) for both males and females was in custodial sentences, at 89% for males and 79% for females[footnote 55]. The largest difference between genders in proportions of persistent absence was seen for those who were dealt with by a community penalty. Figure 3.02: Percentage of adults who were victims of violent crime, by age group, year ending March 2019. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. Following prosecution, defendants found guilty are subsequently convicted and sentenced. Of the females remanded in custody at the Crown Court for indictable offences in 2019, 80% were White, 10% were Black, 4% were Asian, 5% were Mixed and 2% were Chinese and Other. Senior police officers increased their female representation to 27% in 2020, from 23% five years ago. However, as in previous reports, in order to present as full a picture as possible we have also included some statistics that do not have this badging where National Statistics are not held on important or new topics. Youth custody data for October 2017 published. Father-headed households 400,000 families were headed by lone fathers in 2012, representing 13.5% of all single-parent households in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics. In general, females appear to be substantially underrepresented throughout the CJS compared with males. The custody rate ranged between 20% and 23% across all female ethnic groups. Figure 7.03: Average Custodial Sentence Lengths (ACSL) for indictable offences by sex and ethnic group, England and Wales, 2019. The number of individuals formally dealt with by the CJS includes defendants prosecuted at magistrates court and individuals given a caution or Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND). Figure 7.09: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 who receiving Free School Meals, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.2), Special Educational Needs (SEN)[footnote 104]. The proportion of young females who had been permanently excluded and sentenced to a fine was 9%, compared to 15% for young males, a 6 percentage point difference. , Individuals with known sex. Youth custody data for July 2015 published. , Monthly Youth Custody Official Statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure childrens homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs) are published by the Youth Custody Service. Throughout this report we refer to sex rather than gender, because the binary classification better reflects how individuals are generally reported or managed through the CJS. In 2019, Black males were particularly over represented, accounting for 12% of all male prosecutions. Youth custody report for September 2015 published. Significantly more females were victim to theft from the person, than males. Youth custody report for August 2015 published. Higher proportions of females in contact with liaison and diversion services were suspected as having issues with alcohol misuse, had financial needs and were abuse victims. In 2019, 50% of female offenders who were sentenced to custody received sentences of up to and including 3 months, compared to 31% of males and these proportions have been decreasing for both female and male offenders over the last 5 years. , Indictable offences are more serious offences that may (if triable-either-way) or must (if indictable only) be passed on to the Crown Court; while summary offences are typically less serious and almost always dealt with entirely in magistrates courts. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. Youth Custody Report for July 2013 published. Males were serving longer custodial sentence lengths. , Caution should be taken when comparing figures for senior staff, however, because the numbers of individuals represented are small - changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. April 2017 to March 2018) offender cohort. The ACSL for male offenders in 2019 was 19.7 months compared to 11.3 months for female offenders. Topics include: Prison Population, Youth Custody, Unsentenced prison remand population, Sentences served in prison (type and length) Receptions and Releases, Her Majestys Inspectorate for Prisons (HMIP) survey[footnote 59], Self-harm in custody, Probation (Community Orders and Suspended Sentence Orders).
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