Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? It involves bottom-up processing. b. convergent thinking. Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. According to the steps in problem solving, the next step that must be taken by him is to b. four Is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. A semantic network consists of concepts, and as you may recall from what youve learned about memory, concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. C. 90. 75 nondeclarative (implicit) memory. c. Fetal alcohol syndrome There are several types of implicit memories, including procedural, priming, and emotional conditioning. A. B. both convergent thinking and divergent thinking. ________ form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world. Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. Algorithms break complex tasks into steps that can be followed. You may find yourself asking, How much information can our memory handle at once? To explore the capacity and duration of your short-term memory, have a partner read the strings of random numbers (Figure 8.5) out loud to you, beginning each string by saying, Ready? and ending each by saying, Recall, at which point you should try to write down the string of numbers from memory. What did you eat for lunch on April 10, 2009? B. Heritability has no meaning when applied to a single case. People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). Trace Swedens transition from socialism to capitalism. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Both can be useful when problem-solving, but it is important to understand the differences between them. To make this process more complex, the brain does not gather information from external environments only. Psychologists who study problem-solving have described two main processes that people utilize to reach conclusions: algorithms and heuristics. A. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. Concepts are informed by our semantic memory (you will learn more about semantic memory in a later chapter) and are present in every aspect of our lives; however, one of the easiest places to notice concepts is inside a classroom, where they are discussed explicitly. D. Egocentrism. D. deductive reasoning. Some common ones include: The upside of using an algorithm to solve a problem or make a decision is that yields the best possible answer every time. Using the present value factors in your text (Tables 6-4 and 6-5), the net present value of the project is (rounded) Cooper's life. _____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. These thoughts are one example of cognition at work. ________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. a. is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? A. risk avoidance There are many different examples of how algorithms can be used in daily life. 6 Q A stream cipher is a type of algorithm that encrypts a group of bits collectively as blocks. B. This powerful event schema is informed by your pattern of behavior and the pleasurable stimulation that a phone call or text message gives your brain. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. D. unreliable. 1. Lets quickly test your autobiographical memory. Then, you step into the elevator and turn around to face the doors, looking for the correct button to push. c. best measured by the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Some concepts, like tolerance, are agreed upon by many people, because they have been used in various ways over many years. She has an amazing and highly superior autobiographical memory (Figure 8.7). In this case, Claudia is using a(n) a. means-end analysis. refers to the sense that one is in control of one's own life. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. When you first learned to do these tasks, someone may have told you how to do them, but everything you learned since those instructions that you cannot readily explain to someone else as the way to do it is implicit memory. You know snow from the indirect experience of seeing pictures of falling snowor from watching films that feature snow as part of the setting. In short, you know snow. c. theory of "private speech." Rating: 2 (1173 Rating) Highest rating: 5. Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information about this skill automatically. The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. A. Humility c. 30. C. 140 or above In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use: Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms? Even though she looked much younger, how old was Genie? C. 15 to 20 110-120. d. valid. This is an example of Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F) in Business. d. all languages are similar in certain universal ways. c. convergent thinking. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memory. Not all long-term memories are strong memories, and some memories can only be recalled using prompts. It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. C. Artificial intelligence (AI)/algorithms Verywell Mind content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in: Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. Algorithmsare written in a programming language. c. an availability heuristic C. Vocabulary usually decreases below 50 words per day when children are between ages 9 and 11. It involves recollection of visual imagery as well as the feeling of familiarity (Hassabis & Maguire, 2007). where the event takes place. When they were asked to remember the words, they tended to recall them in categories, showing that they paid attention to the meanings of the words as they learned them. An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. C. mental set B. The options that are true about algorithms include: Produce a result Have clear instructions Stop in a finite amount of time Operations that can be done by a computer Have an order. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written 70 or below which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. c. concepts; language c. reliable. Which of the three types of encoding do you think would give you the best memory of verbal information? Implicit memories can influence observable behaviors as well as cognitive tasks. C. telepathy. b. syntax c. Vygotsky : Which of the following is the correct definition of algorithms? Multiple Choice Q18 Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics? Algorithms allow automation of complex tasks. A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of: b. confirmation bias. Vygotsky believed that: By the end of this section, you will be able to: Memory is an information processing system; therefore, we often compare it to a computer. (credit: Mark Richardson), video that explains short-term and long-term memory, video about superior autobiographical memory, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-1-how-memory-functions, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Discuss the three basic functions of memory, Describe the three stages of memory storage, Describe and distinguish between procedural and declarative memory and semantic and episodic memory. Emotion and memory are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. a. a heuristic. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. What word did you come up with? By following the instructions correctly, you are guaranteed to arrive at the right answer. Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their If Derrick answered correctly, he was able to identify _____ morpheme(s). d. You must create an algorithmfor a problem before you can create a program to solve the problem. Explicit memories are those we consciously try to remember, recall, and report. b. naturalist intelligence. If you repeat it enough, it may be moved into long-term memory. D. relying on the opinions of others. refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. Find and frame problems C. Develop good problem-solving strategies D. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time are vague and/or ill defined (p. 246-247) In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems _____. c. Clinical neuropsychologists OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. a. convergent thinking. An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem. To see how visual encoding works, read over this list of words: car, level, dog, truth, book, value. d. collective monologue. A. heuristic If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be: A. Upon waking each morning, you begin thinkingcontemplating the tasks that you must complete that day. This is an example of a(n) C. Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solution to problem. Fast or frugal, but not both: decision heuristics under time pressure. c. the more likely that person will succeed in an academic setting. d. "private speech" was a sign of a mood disorder. Material is far better encoded when you make it meaningful. Understanding the difference between explicit memory and implicit memory is important because aging, particular types of brain trauma, and certain disorders can impact explicit and implicit memory in different ways. b. rule of thumb.

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