WebDuring the Pitchfork Rebellion of June and July 1685, the Duke of Monmouth, who was the illegitimate son of Charles II, led a ragtag army of 8,000 locals armed with muskets, scythes and pitchforks against a professional army of his uncle James II. [1], The English Civil War had left resentment among some of the population about the monarchy and the penalties which had been imposed on the supporters of the Commonwealth. WebNorton St Philip is six miles south of Bath, on the B3110 between Bath and Frome. They even included amongst their number a young Daniel Defoe, later to become famous as an author. Two letters from two people counts as two letters. We happily cater for groups large and small, and our private dining room The Dungeon is available for parties, events and meetings a truly unique space! It also provides the essential when and where and how to get there. The parish is part of the Hardington Vale benefice within the archdeaconry of Wells.. History. WebOutside you can relax and unwind in our beautiful beer garden, with spectacular views across Norton St Philip and the surrounding countryside. [68], The Duke eventually led his untrained and ill-equipped troops out of Bridgwater at around 10:00pm to undertake a night-time attack on the King's army. We'll give God praise, with joy always, upon th'eleventh of May.". William was very warmly received by the English people and became King without opposition, he received the welcome that Monmouth had anticipated just three years before. The battle for the crown would occur in the inhospitable Somerset Levels. A skirmish at Norton St Philip on the 27th resulted in losses on both sides. HP10 9TY. We need YOUR support. Battlefields Trust Events Steve Roberts steps back in time to see how the Monmouth Rebellion impacted on our county, Chevers Lane, Norton St Philip, where the fighting took place, used to be known as Bloody Lane' (Image: submitted). At Westonzoyland today, the church stands tall by the Sedgemoor Inn, which has one of the most colourful pub signs in the country, depicting scenes from the ill-fated campaign. Also get people to help others who are not confident in writing their own letters. He was also fined the huge sum of 5,000 for uttering "seditious" words. The George Inn plays an important role in the history of Great Britain. [21] Thomas Hayward Dare was a goldsmith from Taunton and a Whig politician, a man of considerable wealth and influence who had been jailed during a political campaign calling for a new parliament. [46] The king's force of Dragoons under Churchill continued to close on Monmouth, arriving in Chard on 19 June. East Anglia had not suffered as the West Country had during the Civil War; the battles were not fought on their soil, their women and children had not been under threat. The Dissenters disliked the Anglicans but they hated the Roman Catholics. Unfortunately a massive petition will count for nothing well, it will count as one letter of objection actually, so please do not waste your time and energy getting signatures. On th'eleventh of May, by break of day, ere rising of the sun. It is important that we continue to promote these adverts as our local businesses need as much support as possible during these challenging times. The events immediately before and after the Battle of Sedgemoor, and leading up to James II's exile following The Glorious Revolution provide the setting for Robert Neill's historical novel Lilliburlero. Somerset had not forgotten. Many of his supporters were tried during the Bloody Assizes, led by Judge Jeffreys, and were condemned to death or transportation. Monmouth decided not to attempt an attack on Bristol and his summons to Bath to surrender was refused. [49], Monmouth and his growing force then continued north to Bridgwater, where he took up residence at Bridgwater Castle on 21 June,[50] Glastonbury (22 June) and on to Shepton Mallet, arriving on 23 June in worsening weather. Feversham and his army of 500 horse and 1,500 militiamen camped on the edge of Sedgemoor at the village of Westonzoyland. Lord Grey of Warke led the rebel cavalry forward and they were engaged by the King's Regiment of Horse which alerted the rest of the royalist forces. Fletcher shot and killed Dare and was then put under arrest and sent back to the frigate Helderenberg. Monmouth was supported by republicans as well as those supporting a constituional monarchy. In 1685, the Duke of Monmouth and his supporters were confronted by a Royalist force. His wife Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch, and her mother also pawned their jewellery to hire the Dutch warship Helderenberg. As promised an approximate map showing the extent of the developments. Robert Abbot, William Cass and William Churchill, men of Somerton, joined the Duke of Monmouth to fight for God and liberty in June 1685 and did not return home. This sad, poignant inscription is on a plaque in the town of Somerton. nu. The inn was part of the stagecoach route between London and the southwest of England. In contrast James II had inherited from his brother a small but well trained, well equipped and ably led professional army. But already Monmouths ships had been taken by the navy, removing his opportunity for escape, and a naval presence along the south coast guarded against any hope of reinforcement, though none was planned (Bryant, 1947, 121). The failure of Parliamentary efforts to exclude James from the succession in 1681 resulted in the 1683 Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II and James; although Monmouth was then in exile in the Dutch Republic, he was identified as a co-conspirator. Monmouth was a popular figure among the common people. WebIn rolling Somerset countryside, Norton St Philip is a very pretty, charming little village, 6 miles (9.6 km) from Bath, Wells, Stonehenge and Cheddar Gorge. WebPARISH CHURCH OF ST PHILIP & ST JAMES - 35 Photos - Religious Organizations - Church Street, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom - Phone Number - Yelp Parish Church of St Philip & St James 1 review Unclaimed Religious Organizations Frequently Asked Questions about Parish Church of St Philip & St James How Mixing charm, privacy and comfort, The Plaine is named after the location of the 1685 Pitchfork Rebellion. Just three years and three months after Monmouth's rebellion William of Orange was officially invited to take the English throne: invited by the very people who had faced Monmouth on the battle field! Mixing charm, privacy and comfort, The Plaine is named after the location of the 1685 Pitchfork Rebellion. Fine, introduce new blood and new houses here and there but considering we have the Fortescue Fields development (which will end up as 60 homes by the time the offices and market hall are converted to living accommodation because nobody wants to have businesses out in the sticks) I think that is quite enough for a few years and, interestingly, so did the planning department in their forward planning up till 2026, before the planning free for all came into play. WebNorton St Philip Bath, BA2 7LY (01373) 834258. WebPitchfork Rebellion in 1685, is in a quiet side road location in the beautiful village of Norton St Philip. These adverts enable local businesses to get in front of their target audience the local community. They did receive some limited training but time was not available to train them well. On July 15th 1685 James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth, was executed for treason against the King. [63][64] Argyll's small force had been involved in minor skirmishes at Greenock and Ellangreig. The rebels realised they stood alone and that the royal army could concentrate all its forces against them. His route then took him to Glastonbury (22) and Shepton Mallet (23), as the weather deteriorated. The alliterative miserable, muddy and merciless has been used to describe what happened. It is far more likely that they will need to travel to work to Bath, Trowbridge, Frome or even further afield. WebIn rolling Somerset countryside, Norton St Philip is a very pretty, charming little village, 6 miles (9.6 km) from Bath, Wells, Stonehenge and Cheddar Gorge. In all Monmouth managed to gather 1500 troops whose bravery was to far outweigh their skill. Monmouth later confessed that his father had told him in private that he would have no legal right to the throne. King James had previously received intelligence about the impending plot, and the ships leaving Holland, ten days before. Ultimately they headed off to Wells and across the Somerset levels towards their last stand at Sedgemoor. At Norton St Philip a further skirmish had this Pitchfork army falling back to Frome, possibly along the roads we walk. Across the Outer Court to East Gatehouse - geograph.org.uk - 3402419.jpg 3,000 4,000; 2.67 MB Donate WebNorton St Philip is six miles south of Bath, on the B3110 between Bath and Frome. This is not just about a planning seige in our back yard, but across the Mendip District and indeed across the country. [24], On 30 May 1685[25] Monmouth set sail for South West England, a strongly Protestant region, with three small ships, four light field guns, and 1500 muskets. Registered in England & Wales | 01676637 |. This is important as you get older. Monmouth was in Bridgwater on June 21 1685, where he took up residence in the castle. All affect a village which has taken centuries to evolve at a steady rate. [10], After the Rye House Plot of 1683, an attempt to assassinate both Charles and James, Monmouth went into self-imposed exile in the Netherlands, and gathered supporters in The Hague. Members Log In, Battlefields News From now on the rebels position seemed ever more hopeless. On 11thJune 1685 Monmouth and his supporters landed at Lyme Regis in Dorset. WebIn rolling Somerset countryside, Norton St Philip is a very pretty, charming little village, 6 miles (9.6 km) from Bath, Wells, Stonehenge and Cheddar Gorge. He would never really have made a good King and everyone knew this; he had become a pawn in a pitiful struggle for power begin persuaded by 'friends' to claim a crown which had never ever really belonged to him. At Norton St Philip on the 27th Monmouth had failed to take the only real opportunity the campaign would offer of inflicting a serious defeat on the royal forces, which might have caused Jamess troops to begin to defect and many more Englishmen to rally to the rebel cause. Books on Devon & CornwallHotels and Guesthouses in the UKHotels and Guesthouses in Bath UK, Book a hire car for your holiday in Britain - pick up at the airport or in the major cities, Windsor Castle, Bath and Stonehenge Tours with Stonehenge Tickets from London, Tickets For London Attractions - Tiqets.com, BritainAllOver.com Your Guide to the Best of Britain, How Google uses information from sites or apps that use our services. Norton St Philip Pottery Speciality & Gift Shops Learn more about this content Norton St Philip Attractions Information contact the editor here. Much better to get a team of people on the case to motivate the village. James became King after the death of his elder brother, the same Charles II, but was crucially a Roman Catholic (or, at least, leaning dangerously towards Roman Catholicism). If the household has a couple living in it then both should write letters. Monmouth's only chance wasto raise forces and money rapidly and take control of Bristol, the second city in England where he had strong support. The Duke of Monmouth escaped, but was later captured, taken to London and executed. Guests of the Plaine have a 30% discount on entry to Longleat House and Safari Park. Email nortonstphilip.planning@gmail.com to sign up to our e-newsletters to keep up to date with the status of planning applications, meeting dates and more. Board of Trustees, The Battlefields Hub Our website. 01373 834488. [19][20], Another important member of the rebellion was Robert Ferguson, a radical Scottish Presbyterian minister. [34] To face Monmouth's rebels, John Churchill was given command of the regular foot in the King's army, and the honour of leading the campaign passed to the Huguenot Earl of Feversham. Travel Guide to Britain: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Book a hire car for your holiday in Britain. The Monmouth Rebellion was an attempt by James Scott, the 1st Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II and a Protestant, to wrestle the crown of England from James II. The expected Cheshire rising had also failed to materialise. WebAt Norton St Philip on the 27th Monmouth had failed to take the only real opportunity the campaign would offer of inflicting a serious defeat on the royal forces, which might have caused James s troops to begin to defect and many more The country between Salisbury, Bristol and Exeter was of particular strategic importance in the seventeenth century, it was an area of marked prosperity and stability. Village life is completely different from town life and to rapidly expand the community will doubtless have significant consequences. 01373 834488. picture credit Geoff Williams. Bath An ancient oak door leads from the street down the side of the It can be reached on the Bath Frome bus service operated by First, the D2. [8] In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill - which would exclude the King's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the line of succession - in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament. He died a sad figure who believed, perhaps too much, in the advice of his friends and his own popularity. On 30 June the final parts of Feversham's army, including his artillery, arrived and eventually Monmouth was pushed back via Shepton Mallet to the Somerset Levels, where Alfred the Great had found refuge in his conflicts with the Vikings. Fortescue Fields West (adjacent to ChurchMead), Land adjacent to Norton House, Norton StPhilip. The Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 began in Lyme Regis and was crushed in the same year on Sedgemoor. Our Regions The West of England was the one place he could be assured of support. After his release from jail, he fled to Holland and became the paymaster general to the Rebellion. During the Pitchfork Rebellion of June and July 1685, the Duke of Monmouth, who was the illegitimate son of Charles II, led a ragtag army of 8,000 locals armed with muskets, scythes and pitchforks against a professional army of his uncle James II. With the failure to reach Bristol before Feversham on the 23rd June they had lost the initiative. This runs generally every 30 minutes Monday-Saturday daytimes; less often in the evenings and on Sundays ( see First Bus timetables ). Guests of the Plaine have a 30% discount on entry to Longleat House and Safari Park. We have now moved into Bath. Twelve executions took place on the village common. Most were labourers and artisans rather than the peasants of popular tradition. WebIn rolling Somerset countryside, Norton St Philip is a very pretty, charming little village, 9.6 km from Bath, Wells, Stonehenge and Cheddar Gorge. This almost irrational fear led to various plots to ensure that James never came to the throne. In all some 320 rebels were executed with a further 800 deported to the West Indies. [40] Following this confrontation, Lord Albemarle led a royalist force from Exeter towards the forces of the Duke of Somerset, who were approaching Lyme Regis from the opposite direction. The first mention of Somerset is at Chard, where Monmouth denounced the King. Tell your friends and neighbours about this website, encourage them to get involved. The rebels never stood a chance. The Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 began in Lyme Regis and was crushed in the same year on Sedgemoor. WebDuring the Pitchfork Rebellion of June and July 1685, the Duke of Monmouth, who was the illegitimate son of Charles II, led a ragtag army of 8,000 locals armed with muskets, scythes and pitchforks against a professional army of his uncle James II. [36] On 13 June he lost two of his leading supporters when Dare and Fletcher disputed who should ride one of the best horses provided by local supporters. [80] It also plays an important role in R. D. Blackmore's novel Lorna Doone. WebNorton St Philip was the site of a battle during the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, and the eastwest street on the village's northern edge, officially recorded as Chevers Lane, is referred to locally as Bloody Lane, reportedly as the battle caused so much bloodshed it flowed down this hill. WebMonmouth at Norton St Philip, 26 June 1685 Feversham, moves his Army to Bath, and is joined by the infantry from London, and Churchills brigade. Frome rebels are reported to have also been hung, drawn and quartered at Gore Hedge, just past the top of what is now Bath Street. The garden in the rear of the pub overlooks a playground and recreation area (see below). Those who did told their families and communities of the hardships they had endured as slaves, and, in so doing, struck a blow for freedom. Finally, our house is opposite the old chicken factory site. We happily cater for groups large and small, and our private dining room The Dungeon is available for parties, events and meetings a truly unique space! The parish is part of the Hardington Vale benefice within the archdeaconry of Wells.. History. Monmouth did his best to pull them into shape but they had no experience of war and knew nothing of strategy. We walk towards their ghosts. Norton St Philip lies two miles west of the Wiltshire border. The rebellion ended with his defeat at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685 by a government army commanded by Feversham and Churchill. The cottage has everything you would expect, with original fireplaces, large beams, thick walls, and a fully enclosed walled garden facing south west. Under Charles II they had suffered almost unbearable persecution for their support of Cromwell during the war against Charles' father. Mixing charm, privacy and comfort, The Plaine is named after the location of the 1685 Pitchfork Rebellion. WebNorton St Philip was the site of a battle during the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, and the eastwest street on the village's northern edge, officially recorded as Chevers Lane, is referred to locally as Bloody Lane, reportedly as the battle caused so much bloodshed it flowed down this hill. [22], To raise the funds for ships and weaponry, Monmouth pawned many of his belongings. [41], Monmouth learned of the approach of royalist reinforcements and departed, but instead of marching to London, he headed north with his force towards the county of Somerset. Web4912 x 3264 px | 41.6 x 27.6 cm | 16.4 x 10.9 inches | 300dpi Date taken: 3 June 2013 Location: Norton St Philip village, Somerset, England, UK Photographer: ICP More information: This image is Exclusive to Alamy Save up to 70% with our image packs Pre-pay for multiple images and download on demand. WebIn rolling Somerset countryside, Norton St Philip is a very pretty, charming little village, 9.6 km from Bath, Wells, Stonehenge and Cheddar Gorge. The more letters received the greater the impact. WebThe Church of St Philip and St James in Norton St Philip within the English county of Somerset is a Grade II* listed building.. Yet despite their lack of equipment and experience, in a major skirmish at Norton St Philip on the 27th June the rebels got the upper hand. Contact Us, Copyright 2023 The Battlefields Trust - Registered Charity No:1017387 and Registered Company Limited by Guarantee No:2786730 (England and Wales)Privacy Policy - Website by mint, Battlefield Investigation Policy and Guidance, Battlefields Trust Health and Safety Policy Statement, Battlefields Trust Equal Opportunities Statement, Battlefields Trust Battlefields Hub Change Policy, Battlefield Planning Rules and Heritage Guidance, Project Reports, Updates and Lessons Learned. The people of the West Country who had supported him did so out of desperation rather than any belief in his legitimacy and suffered dearly for their cause. Magazine Amongst their number were workers from the mills and workshops of Frome. We have owned a house in NSP since 1980 thats 33 years. Thousands flocked tohis colours as Monmouth marched through the SouthWest, to Taunton (18th June) where a proclamation was issued declaring him king, then on to Bridgewater from where he marched towards Bristol. I was in my late twenties when we moved to NSP and now I am in my 60s and the convenience of living nearer a town is fantastic. [62], Monmouth then marched overnight to Frome, arriving on 28 June. Others were disaffected because of the economic recession which had recently hit the south west particularly hard. With the Royalist army reinforced, its leader, Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham sought to bring the rebels to battle. Transported to the Caribbean, he started his career as a pirate there. People from Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire joined the rebellion some of them were nonconformist Christians who had suffered persecution under Charles II. Following a set back at Keynsham the Pitchfork army headed east, they were refused entry to Bath and headed for Norton St Phillip. Norton St Philip By 15 June he had a force in excess of 1,000 men. 1000 years earlier the Somerset wetlands had provided refuge for King Alfred and from them he had launched his dramatically successful campaign against the Danes. Many of Monmouth's men had lost their shoes in the desperate attempt made to evade confrontation with the Kings army. Data returned from the Piano 'meterActive/meterExpired' callback event. Rot. WebAt Norton St Philip on the 27th Monmouth had failed to take the only real opportunity the campaign would offer of inflicting a serious defeat on the royal forces, which might have caused James s troops to begin to defect and many more Somerset BA2 7LH There had been rumours that Charles had married Monmouth's mother, Lucy Walter,[1] but no evidence was forthcoming,[2] and Charles always said that he only had one wife, Catherine of Braganza. WebDuring the Pitchfork Rebellion of June and July 1685, the Duke of Monmouth, who was the illegitimate son of Charles II, led a ragtag army of 8,000 locals armed with muskets, scythes and pitchforks against a professional army of his uncle James II. WebThe Norton St. Philip Pitchfork Housing Rebellion | LATEST NEWS: On Friday 4th April the Parish Council discussed 2013/2052 East Site, Laverton Triangle, Norton St Philip BA2 7PE and voted to 'Leave the decision to the Planning Officer' The Norton St. Philip Pitchfork Housing Rebellion We have years and years of experience with fighting planning applications. Monmouth looked for support from both areas. The current building has elements dating back from the 13th and 14th centuries, however it is likely there was a church on the site before the Norman Conquest. inaccuracy or intrusion, then please WebNorton St Philip was the site of a battle during the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, and the eastwest street on the village's northern edge, officially recorded as Chevers Lane, is referred to locally as Bloody Lane, reportedly as the battle caused so much bloodshed it flowed down this hill. Dissenters has suffered in two areas of the country in particular; London and the South West. [71], Monmouth fled from the field of battle, but was captured in a ditch on 8 July (either at Ringwood in the New Forest, or at Horton in Dorset[72]). Mixing charm, privacy and comfort, The Plaine is named after the location of the 1685 Pitchfork Rebellion. The George Inn Members Benefits The cottage has everything you would expect, with original fireplaces, large beams, thick walls, and a fully enclosed walled garden facing south west. [51] Meanwhile, the Royal Navy captured Monmouth's ships, cutting off any hope of an escape back to the continent. On the throne in 1685, following the death of Charles II, was James II, Charles brother, a Roman Catholic. It was no coincidence that it was the town of Bridgwater, which became the first, in 1785, to petition parliament for the abolition of slavery. The Somerton plaque makes one final, almost tearful, statement about the rebellion. Amongst their number were w. orkers from the mills and workshops of Frome. The aristocracy, however disliked him; he was too impulsive and frivolous for them, and his mixing with common people was certainly frowned upon. Undeterred he set about raising one himself and rallied the common people to his cause. His untrained supporters were quickly defeated by the professionals, and hundreds were cut down by cannon- and musket-fire. With an Army now numbering nearly 5,000 soldiers Feversham attacks Monmouth on June 27, at Norton St Philip. contact IPSO here, 2001-2023. This is a call to arms. WebNorton St Philip is located in the county of Somerset, South West England, four miles south-west of the town of Bradford-on-Avon, six miles south of the major city of Bath, 39 miles east of Cardiff, and 96 miles west of London. It is no wonder that it was in Taunton that Monmouth was declared King for the first time. I walked down Chevers Lane (once Bloody Lane) where the fighting took place. It can be reached on the Bath Frome bus service operated by First, the D2. WebThe Monmouth Rebellion. Monmouth could view them from the tower of Church of St Mary and may have inspected them more closely from the Church of St Mary in Chedzoy, before deciding to attack them. [28] They gathered about 300 men on the first day at Lyme Regis in Dorset,[29] where a long statement prepared by Ferguson denounced the king.[30][31]. [44], Monmouth again denounced the king in Chard[45] and was the subject of a coronation in Taunton on 20 June 1685, against the wishes of some of his republican supporters such as Wade. View discounts Search stock photos by tags [48] Feversham meanwhile moved with his forces into Bristol, on the assumption that this would be Monmouth's next target, and took overall charge of the campaign. [4] Fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife to produce any children. Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685. Argyll, who had set sail 3 weeks earlier than Monmouth had been captured and executed before he could even raise his standard. Our website. The treatment of the rebels by the authorities was appalling. Thus more pollution, congestion of roads etc is created and as a result my view is that this new development is not sustainable. He took Ardkinglass castle, but after disagreements with key supporters about when and where to fight the royalists commanded by Rosse and William Cleland, his supporters dwindled away and the Scottish rebellion failed. With this rapid expansion in NSP I suspect that the once tight community will gradually draw apart far more. There was a delay while the rhyne was crossed and the first men across startled a royalist patrol. WebPitchfork Rebellion in 1685, is in a quiet side road location in the beautiful village of Norton St Philip. The rebels headed for Wiltshire, but faced with Royalist troops doubled back into Somerset, arriving in Wells on July 1. Mixing charm, privacy and comfort, The Plaine is named after the location of the 1685 Pitchfork Rebellion. In 1688, when the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart heralded a Catholic succession, James II was deposed by William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution at the invitation of the disaffected Protestant Establishment. The George Inn at Norton St Philip is now a family-friendly pub. He was given the impression by his 'friends' that on landing in England he would be greeted by a mighty army and would march to London unopposed being cheered along the way by the people. Fragmentation led to social disintegration which also led to an increasing sense of not belonging and poor patterns of behaviour and vandalism. [82] Several characters in Neal Stephenson's trilogy The Baroque Cycle, particularly Quicksilver and The Confusion, play a role in the Monmouth Rebellion and its aftermath. This site is part of Newsquest's audited local newspaper network. As time passed the royal forces were increasing in strength as the professional units and the militias rendezvoused. Parl. Following a set back at Keynsham the Pitchfork army headed east, they were refused entry to Bath and headed for Norton St Phillip. The morale of the rebel force began to collapse. If letters of objection need to be written then give everyone the exact details of email addresses, planning applications, a list the planning reasons for objecting and finally a sample letter as some people wont write becaUSe they are unsure how to do it. WebThe Monmouth Rebellion, also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion, the Revolt of the West or the West Country rebellion, was an attempt to depose James II, who in February 1685 succeeded his brother Charles II as king of England, Scotland and Ireland. A vicious and terrible repression followed, famously known as the Bloody Assizes, in Wells alone on a single day 500 men were tried and most sentenced to death. [76], The subsequent Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys were a series of trials of Monmouth's supporters in which 320 people were condemned to death and around 800 sentenced to be transported to the West Indies,[77] for ten years' hard labour. Taunton itself was singled out as a centre of sedition during the reign of Charles II and it was ordered to dismantle its defenses in case of rebellion. In 1674 Monmouth was made 'Commander in Chief' of the army; gaining great respect as a soldier among the English people. Pride that when liberty was threatened the West County at least was prepared to fight against all odds for what they believed in. Britain All Over is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com and affiliated sites. [75] The Hangman in 'Punch and Judy' is named after this notorious character, Jack Ketch.

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